Narration/Speech
সংজ্ঞা: বক্তা যখন কোনো কথা বলে তখন তাকে উক্তি বা Narration বলে।
উক্তি দুই প্রকার। যথা-
A. Direct Speech (প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তি)
B. Indirect Speech (পরোক্ষ উক্তি)
যখন বক্তার কথা সরাসরি নিজেই বলে তখন Direct Speech বা প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তি বলে। যেমন- He says, "I am a student." (সে বলল, "আমি একজন ছাত্র।")
বৈশিষ্ট্য: ১. বক্তার কথা বা উক্তিটি " " (ইনভার্টেড বা ঊর্ধ্ব কমা) এর মধ্যে রাখা হয়।
বক্তার কথা বা উক্তি তার নিজের ভাষায় না বলে যখন অন্য ব্যক্তির ভাষায় বলা হয়, তখন তাকে Indirect Speech বা পরোক্ষ উক্তি বলে। যেমন- He says that he is a student. (সে বলল যে, সে একজন ছাত্র।)
বৈশিষ্ট্য: Connective বা Conjunction হিসেবে that, if, whether ইত্যাদি বসে। " "- (ইনভার্টেড কমা) বসে না।
যখন বক্তার কথা ("") ইনভার্টেড কমার মধ্যে রাখা হয় তখন সে অংশই হলো Reported Speech। অন্যভাবে বলা যায়, Reporting verb-এর পরে যে অংশটি থাকে সে অংশটিই হলো Reported Speech.
উদাহরণ- He says, "I am well." এখানে "I am well" হলো Reported Speech.
Reported Speech-এর আগের অংশটির মধ্যে যে Verb থাকে সেটিই হলো Reporting verb.
যেমন- He says, "Who are you?" এখানে, He says অংশটির says শব্দটি হলো Reporting verb.
| Reporting verb | Reported Speech |
|---|---|
| He said | "I am well" — Direct speech, |
| He said that | he was well — Indirect speech |
| John says | "I need you".— Direct speech |
| John says that | he needs you.— Indirect speech |
Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech-এ পরিবর্তনের সময় যে সকল ক্ষেত্রে পরিবর্তন ঘটে সেগুলো হচ্ছে-
i. Reporting verb-এর পরিবর্তন।
ii. Reported speech এর person ও tense-এর পরিবর্তন।
iii. Reporting verb এবং Reported speech-এর মাঝে Conjunction হিসেবে that, whether, if বা to-এর ব্যবহার।
iv. নৈকট্য ও দূরত্বসূচক word সমূহের পরিবর্তন।
Direct narration-এ Reporting verb যদি Present বা Future tense হয়, তাহলে Indirect narration-এ Reported speech-এর verb-এর tense-এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না। যেমন:
Direct : Kalam says, "I have done my duty."
Indirect : Kalam says that he has done his duty.
Direct : Mina says, "I will do the sum."
Indirect: Mina says that she will do the sum.
Direct : Farid says, "I did not tell a lie."
Indirect: Farid says that he did not tell a lie.
Note: উপরের তিনটি বাক্যে Reported Speech অংশের verb এর Tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় নাই।
Direct narration-এ Reporting verb যদি Past tense হয়, তাহলে Indirect narration-এ Reported speech-এর verb-এর tense পরিবর্তিত হয়।
Corresponding past tense বলতে নিম্নরূপ অর্থ প্রকাশ করে
Rule-1: Direct narration এ Reported speech এর verbটি Present indefinite tense হলে indirect narration এ উহা past indefinite tense এ পরিবর্তিত হয়। যেমন:
Direct: He said, "I am well".
Indirect: He said that he was well.
Direct: Arif said, "I can help you."
Indirect: Arif said that he could help me.
Rule-2: Direct narration এ reported speech এর verbটি Past indefinite বা Present perfect tense হলে Indirect narration এ উহা past perfect tense এ পরিবর্তিত হয়। যেমন:
Direct: He said, "I wrote a letter".
Indirect: He said that he had written a letter.
Direct: Jaman said, "I have done my work".
Indirect: Jaman said that he had done his work.
Rule-3: Direct narration এ Reported speech এর verbটি present continuous tense হলে Indirect narration-এ উহা past continuous tense-এ পরিবর্তিত হবে। যেমন:
Direct: He said, "I am writing a letter".
Indirect: He said that he was writing a letter.
Direct: Apu said, "I am going to market".
Indirect: Apu said that he was going to market.
Rule-4: Direct narration এ Reported speech এর verbটি past continuous tense বা Present perfect continuous tense হলে Indirect narration-এ উহা past perfect continuous tense-এ পরিবর্তিত হবে। যেমন:
Direct: They said, "We were passing through a forest".
Indirect: They said that they had been passing through a forest.
Direct: Asma said, "I have been living in Dhaka for two years."
Indirect: Asma said that she had been living in Dhaka for two years.
NB:
i. Direct narration এ Reported speech এ দুই বা ততোধিক Verb past indefinite tense হলে Indirect narration এ তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। যেমন:
Direct: Jalal said, "Yesterday I went to market and bought a pen".
Indirect: Jalal said that the day before he went to market and bought a pen.
ii. Direct narration এ Reported speechটি এর verbটি past perfect বা past perfect continuous tense এ থাকলে Indirect narration এ তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। যেমন:
Direct: He said, "I had gone to market before I went to school".
Indirect: He said that he had gone to market before he went to school.
Direct: He said, "I had been suffering from fever for a week".
Indirect: He said that he had been suffering from fever for a week.
Rule-5: Direct narration এ Reported speech দ্বারা যদি কোন চিরন্তন সত্য (universal truth) বা কোন অভ্যাসগত কার্য (habitual fact) প্রকাশ করা হয়, তাহলে সে ক্ষেত্রে reporting verbটি past tense হলেও Reported speech এর Verb এর tense-এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না। যেমন:
Direct: The Prophet (sm.) said, "Allah is one."
Indirect: The Prophet (sm.) said that Allah is one.
Direct: My father said, "Every mother loves her children."
Indirect: My father said that every mother loves her children.
Direct: My mother said, "Honesty is the best policy."
Indirect: My mother said that honesty is the best policy.
Rule-6: Direct narration-এ Reported speech-এর মূল verb-এর পূর্বে যদি shall, will, can বা may থাকে, তাহলে Indirect narration এ তাদের পরিবর্তে যথাক্রমে would, could এবং might বসে। যেমন:
Direct : He said, "I shall do my work."
Indirect: He said that he would do his work."
Direct: Tariq said, "I can help you."
Indirect: Tariq said that he could help me.
Rule-7: Direct narration- Reported speech এ মূল Verb-এর পূর্বে ব্যবহৃত could, might, ought to এবং used to indirect narration-এ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। যেমন:
Direct : Rima said, "I might do the work."
Indirect: Rima said that she might do the work.
Direct : Gita said, "I could give you some money on loan."
Indirect: Gita said that she could give me some money on loan.
Direct: Mr. Rashed said, "I used to take tea while I was in London."
Indirect: Mr. Rashed said that he used to take tea while he had been in London.
Rule-8: Direct narration & Reported speech এর মূল Verb এর পূর্বে should বা would টি future in past হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হলে subject এর person অনুসারে তাদের পরিবর্তন ঘটে। কিন্তু উচিৎ অর্থে should ব্যবহৃত হলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। যেমন:
Direct My father said, "You should take care of your health."
Indirect: My father said that I should take care of my health.
Direct : Rabin said, "I should be grateful if you help me."
Indirect: Rabin said that he should be grateful if I helped him.
Rule-9: wish, would, rather, sooner ও it is time এর পরে unreal Past Tense টি অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। যেমন:
Direct He said, "It is time we started our meeting."
Indirect He said that it was time they started their meeting.
Direct: The girl said, "I wish I sang."
Indirect : The girl said that she wished she sang.
Rule-10: Had better আছে এমন Direct Speech বাক্যকে Indirect Speech করার সময়-
a. First Person ও Third Person-এর সাথে পরিবর্তন হয় না। যেমন:
He said to me, "You had better run."
He said to me that I had better run.
b. Second Person এর ক্ষেত্রে অপরিবর্তিত রাখা যায় অথবা নিম্নলিখিত সূত্র অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করা যায়-
Subject + Advise/advised + object + infinitive+ বাকী অংশ
He said to me, "you had better leave the place.
He advised me to leave the place.
Rule-11: Might, ought to, could, should, would, used to এগুলো Indirect Speech এর সময় অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। যেমন-
I said to them, "you might leave."
I said to them that they might leave.
Note: তবে অনুরোধ বুঝালে Indirect Speech এর সময় might পরিবর্তিত হয়। যেমন-
He said to Shaila, "you might deliver the letter for me. (Request)
He asked Shaila to deliver the letter.
Rule-12: Could কখনো পরিবর্তিত হয় না। যেমন-
He said, "I could do it tomorrow."
He said that he could do it the next day.
Rule-13: Ought to এবং should দ্বারা যখন বাধ্যবাধকতা (obligation) ও অনুমান (assumption) বুঝায় তখন ought to ও should পরিবর্তিত হয় না। যেমন-
The teacher said to the students, "You should respect the elders."
The teacher said to the students that they should respect the elders.
Note: তবে উপদেশ বুঝালে নিম্নের সূত্র অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয়ে থাকে।
156
Subject + advise/advised + object + infinitive + Reported speech এর বাকী অংশ। যেমন:
Father said to his son, "You ought to/should/must pay attention to your studies.
Father advised his son to pay attention to his studies.
Rule-14: "If I were you, I should/would........ " দ্বারা যখন উপদেশ বুঝাবে তখন নিম্নের সূত্র অনুসরণ করতে হবে।
Subject + advise/advised + object+to+ reported speech এর verb যেমন-
I said to him, "If I were you, I should leave.
I advised him to leave.
Rule-15: Must এর ব্যবহার নিম্নরূপ:
a. চিরকালীন বাধ্যবাধকতা বুঝালে Must অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। যেমন-
He said to his son, "You must listen to your teacher's lecture.
He said to his son that he must listen to his teacher's lecture.
b. Must সাধারণত: had to দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হয়। যেমন:
The teacher said to Karim, "You must write a paragraph."
The teacher said to Karim that he had to write a paragraph.
Rule-16: Direct এবং Indirect উভয় Speech এর ক্ষেত্রে 'Say' verb ব্যবহৃত হয়ে থাকে। 'Tell' সাধারণত Direct Speech এতে ব্যবহৃত হয় না এবং tell এর পরে অবশ্যই Indirect object (ব্যক্তিবাচক) বসাতে হবে এবং tell এর পরে to বসে না। তবে say এর পরে object থাকলে তার পূর্বে to বসাতে হয়। যেমন-
Rashid said to his friend, "My hobby is gardening."
Rashid told his friend that his hobby was gardening.
Rule-17: Direct Speech-এতে Thank you থাকলে তাকে নিম্ন নিয়ম অনুযায়ী Indirect করতে হয়। যেমন-
The lady said to the porter, "Thank you."
The lady thanked the porter.
Rule-18: Good bye/Good night থাকলে তা নিম্নরূপে পরিবর্তিত হবে।
Subject + bid/bade + object + good bye/good night, যেমন-
He said, "Good bye, Kamal".
He bade Kamal good bye.
Rule-19: Good morning/Good afternoon/Good evening থাকলে পরিবর্তিত হয় নিম্নরূপে।
Subject + wish/wished + object + good morning/good afternoon/good evening
I said to him, "Good morning."
I wished him good morning.
Rule-20: Subject, Object ও reporting verb উল্লেখ না থাকলে Indirect Speech করার সময় The speaker said to the person spoken to ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন-
"I shall see you tomorrow."
The speaker said to the person spoken to that he (s) would see him the next day.
Rule-21: কখনো কখনো subject এবং verb ছাড়া অসম্পূর্ণ Exclamatory sentence থাকে, তখন Indirect Narration করার সময় অথবা me ব্যবহার করাই উত্তম।
He said, "Welcome"
He welcomed me.
Rafiq said, "Congratulations!."
Rafiq congratulated me.
Person পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম
Rule-1: Reported Speech এর ক্ষেত্রে ব্যবহৃত Ist person (I, we, me, us, my, our, mine, ours) Reporting verb -এর Subject-এর Gender ও Person অনুসারে পরিবর্তিত হয়। যেমন:
Direct : He said, "I shall do my work."
Indirect : He said that he would do his work. (এখানে I হয়েছে he এবং my হয়েছে his)
Direct : The women said, "We are discussing our problems."
Indirect: The women said that they were discussing their problems.
Direct : Rina said to Shima, "I can do my homework."
ব্যতিক্রম:
Indirect: Rina told Shima that she could do her homework.
Reported speech-এর Subject 'we' যদি মানব জাতিকে নির্দেশ করে বা বক্তা এবং যাকে উদ্দেশ্য করে বলা হয়, তাদের দুজনকে বুঝায়, সে ক্ষেত্রে Indirect Narration-এ উহা অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। যেমন:
Direct My grandfather said, "We shall all die."
Indirect: My grandfather said that we shall all die.
Direct : My friend said to me, "We should respect our parents."
Indirect: My friend told me that we should respect our parents.
Rule-2: Reported speech-এর ক্ষেত্রে ব্যবহৃত Second person (you, your, yours) Reporting verb এর object এর person অনুসারে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
Direct He said to me, "You have done your work."
Indirect He told me that I had done my work.
এখানে Reporting verb এর object "me" হওয়ায় Reported Speech এর "you" টি "I" হয়েছে এবং "your" টি "my" হয়েছে।
Direct : Zaman said to Aman, "You will get a prize.
Indirect Zaman told Aman that he would get a prize.
Direct : My mother said to me, "You do not do your duty."
Indirect: My mother told me that I did not do my duty.
Rule-3: Reported speech-এর অন্তর্গত Third person-(he, she, they, him, her, them, his, their, hers, theirs) Indirect Narration-এ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। যেমন:
Direct : I said to Kamal, "They did not behave well with us."
Indirect I told Kamal that they had not behaved well with us:
Direct They said to us, "Samira can sing well."
Indirect: They told us that Samira could sing well."
Direct : Kamrul said to me, "He has done his duty."
Indirect: Kamrul told me that he had done his duty.
Rule-4: Reporting verb-টি যদি Past Tense থাকে, তবে নিম্নলিখিত নৈকট্যসূচক শব্দগুলো Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech-এ দূরত্বসূচক শব্দে পরিবর্তিত হয়। যেমন:
| Direct | Indirect | Direct | Indirect |
| this | that | tomorrow | the next day or, the following day |
| these | those | yesterday | the previous day/the day before |
| here | there | last month | the previous month/the month before |
| ago | before | last night | the previous night/the night before |
| come | go | last year | the previous year/the year before |
| today | that day | next week | the following week |
| hence | thence | next week | the following week |
| thus | so | tonight | that night |
| now | then |
N.B: Direct Narration-এ Reported speech-এর ক্ষেত্রে ব্যবহৃত this যদি সময় নির্দেশ করে তাহলে Indirect Narration-উহা that এ পরিবর্তিত হয়। কিন্তু This এবং That যদি Adjective হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়, সেক্ষেত্রে তাদের পরিবর্তে সাধারণত 'The' ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন:
Direct : He said, "I am going to Dhaka this week."
Indirect He said that he was going to Dhaka that week.
Direct : Safiq said, "My mother gave me this pen on my birthday."
Indirect : Safiq said that his mother had given him the pen on his birthday.
Direct : Lubna said, "That house looks green".
Rule-5: Direct Narration-এ Reported speech-এর ক্ষেত্রে ব্যবহৃত Here এবং There দ্বারা স্পষ্টভাবে কোনো স্থানের উল্লেখ থাকলে সে ক্ষেত্রে Here এবং There এর পরিবর্তন হয় না।
Direct : Jamil said to his friend, "I live here in Dhaka for twenty years."
Indirect : Jamil told his friend that he lived here in Dhaka for twenty years.
Direct : Himel said to Rumel, "I shall see you there at Mirpur tomorrow".
Indirect : Himel told Rumel that he would see him there at Mirpur the next day.
Direct : Mamun said to me, "I have no friend here in Dhaka".
Indirect : Mamun told me that he had no friend here in Dhaka.
Assertive Sentence এর Indirect Narration এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম
a. Direct narration-এ Reporting verb 'say' বা said এর ব্যক্তিবাচক object থাকলে Indirect Narration এ say বা said এর পরিবর্তে tell বা told বসে। Tell-verb এর পরে preposition-to ব্যবহৃত হয় না।
b. 'Say' বা said, Verb এর পর ব্যক্তিবাচক object না থাকলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।
c. Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে Reported speech এর পূর্বে Conjunction 'That' বসে। যেমন :
Direct : Rafiq said to his friend, "I am happy today."
Indirect : Rafiq told his friend that he was happy that day.
Direct : Kamal said, "I was doing my home work."
Indirect : Kamal said that he had been doing his home work.
Direct : My friend said, "I am glad to be here this evening."
Indirect : My friend said that he was glad to be there that evening.
N.B. কখনও কখনও Reported speech এর অর্থ ও ভাবানুসারে Reporting verb-remark, hope, believe, comment, declare, affirm ইত্যাদিতে পরিবর্তিত হয়। যেমন:
Direct : Rubel said to me, "You have done well in the exam."
Indirect : Rubel remarked that I had done well in the exam.
Direct : Shipon said,"I hope I shall win the race."
Indirect : Shipon hoped that he would win the race.
Direct : Hazrat Mohammad (sm.) said, "Allah is one."
Indirect : Hazrat Mohammad (sm.) declared that Allah is one.
NB: Direct Narration-এ Reported speech-এর শুরুতে That থাকলে Indirect speech এ That এর পরিবর্তে it বসে। যেমন:
Direct : Rita said, "That is good."
Indirect : Rita said that it was good.
Interrogative Sentence এর Indirect Narration এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম
i. Reported speech-এর অর্থ ও ভাবানুসারে Indirect Narration এ Reporting verbটি ask, enquire of, demand of, wonder বা want to know ইত্যাদিতে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
ii. Reported speech-এর অন্তর্গত Interrogative sentence টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয়, তা হলে Reported Speech এর পূর্বে 'if' বা whether বসে। সাধারণত Choice বুঝাতে whether বসে।
iii. Reported speech এর অন্তর্গত Interrogative sentence টি যদি who, which, what, why, where, how ইত্যাদি Wh Question word দ্বারা সূচিত হয়, সে ক্ষেত্রে Conjunction হিসেবে if বা whether বসে না। সেখানে উপর্যুক্ত Interrogative word গুলোই ব্যবহৃত হয়।
iv. Direct speech এর Interrogative sentence টি Indirect speech এ Assertive sentence এ পরিবর্তিত হয়। যেমন:
Direct : Abir said to me, "Do you require any help?"
Indirect : Abir asked me if I required any help.
Direct : The girl said to her mother, "Have you brought a pen for me?"
Indirect : The girl asked her mother if she had brought a pen for her.
Direct : Bina said to Rina, "Would you sing a song?"
Indirect : Bina asked Rina whether she would sing a song.
Direct : My brother said to me, "Will you not go to school tomorrow?".
Indirect: My brother asked me if I would not go to school the next day. 159 Direct : The teacher said to Karim, "What are you doing in the class? Indirect: The teacher enquired of Karim what he was doing in the class. Direct: Father said to his son, "Why are you not learning your lessons? Indirect: Father asked his son why he was not learning his lessons.Imperative Sentence কে Indirect Narration-এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম
Direct narration এর অন্তর্গত Reported speech এর অর্থ ও ভাবানুসারে Indirect Narration এ Reporting verb-ask, order, request, advise, command, beg, entreat, tell ইত্যাদিতে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
Affirmative Sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে Imperative verb এর পূর্বে to এবং Negative Sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে Imperative verb এর পূর্বে not to বসে।
Direct speech এ ব্যবহৃত Please এবং Sir এর পরিবর্তে Indirect speech এ যথাক্রমে Kindly/Politely এবং Respectfully ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন:
Direct: The teacher said to his pupils, "Stand up."
Indirect: The teacher ordered his pupils to stand up.
Direct: Sahid said to me, "Please lend me some money."
Indirect: Sahid requested me politely to lend him some money.
Direct : Mr. Mahbub said to his son, "Don't eat dirty food."
Indirect: Mr. Mahbub advised his son not to eat dirty food.
Direct : The General said to the soldiers, "March on."
Indirect: The General commanded the soldiers to march on.
Direct : The doctor said to the patient, "Don't smoke."
Indirect: The doctor advised the patient not to smoke.
N.B: Negative Imperative Sentence কে Indirect speech এ পরিবর্তন করার সময় কখনো কখনো Reporting verb কে prohibit, forbid ইত্যাদিতে পরিবর্তন করে Negative এর Not কে বিলুপ্ত করা যায়। যেমন:
Direct : He said to me, "Don't go there."
Indirect: He forbade me to go there.
Direct : My mother said to me, "Don't smoke."
Indirect: My mother forbade me to smoke.
Direct : The teacher said to the students, "Don't make a noise."
Indirect: The teacher forbade the students to make a noise.
N.B: Reported speech এর ভাব ও অর্থানুসারে Indirect Narration এ Reporting verbটি order, request, advise, command ইত্যাদির কোনটি হবে, যখন তা পরিষ্কারভাবে বুঝা যায় না, সে ক্ষেত্রে Reporting verb হিসেবে tell বা ask ব্যবহার করাই উত্তম। যেমন:
Direct : He said to me, "Don't do it again."
Indirect: He told (or asked) me not to do it again.
Rule-4: Direct Speech এ কাউকে সম্বোধন বা কারো নাম উল্লেখ থাকলে তখন নিচের নিময় অনুযায়ী Indirect Speech করা হয়।
Addressing + Reporting verb এর object (যদি থাকে) + as + যাকে/যাদেরকে সম্বোধন করা হয়েছে সেই শব্দটি + Reporting verb এর Subject + reporting verb + to + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে বাকী অংশ।
Jim said to his wife, "Della, Don't cry."
Addressing his wife as Della, Jim told his wife not to cry.
Imperative beginning with Let
Let দিয়ে সূচিত Imperative sentence এর Direct speech দ্বারা যদি কোনো Proposal বা suggestion ব্যক্ত করা হয়, সে ক্ষেত্রে-
1. Reporting verb টি Propose বা Suggest এ পরিবর্তিত হয় এবং Imperative sentence টি Assertive sentence এ রূপান্তরিত হয়।
ii.
Reported speech এর পূর্বে Conjunction 'That' এবং Let এর স্থলে Should বসে ।iii.
Direct speech-এ Reporting verb-এর পরে ব্যক্তিবাচক object-এর পূর্বে ব্যবহৃত preposition 'To' অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। যেমন:Direct : Mina said to her friends, "Let us have a picnic on Sunday.'
Indirect: Mina proposed to her friends that they should have a picnic on Sunday.
Direct : My mother said to me, "Let us go home."
Indirect: My mother proposed to me that we should go home.
Direct : Jashim said to his friends, "Let us not miss this chance."
Indirect: Jashim proposed to his friends that they should not miss that chance.
iv.
Proposal বা Suggestion অর্থে Let ব্যবহৃত না হয়ে, যদি অনুমতি প্রদান অর্থে ব্যবহৃত হয়, সেক্ষেত্রে Reporting verb এর সাধারণত পরিবর্তন হয় না। শুধু Reported speech-এর verb এর পূর্বে let এর পরিবর্তে may/might বা may be allowed to/might be allowed to বসে। যেমন:Direct : He said, "Let him tell the story."
Indirect: He said that he might tell the story.
Direct : The teacher said, "Let him do whatever he likes."
Indirect: The teacher said that he might do whatever he liked.
Direct : The girl said, "Let me have some milk."
Indirect: The girl said that she might be allowed to have some milk.
N.B: উপর্যুক্ত Sentence গুলোর ক্ষেত্রে Reported speech এর verb কে Present participle এ পরিবর্তনের মাধ্যমেও Indirect speech এ পরিবর্তন করা যায়। যেমন:
Direct : He said to me, "Let us go home."
Indirect: He proposed our going home.
Direct : I said to him, "Let us take some milk."
Indirect: I proposed our taking some milk.
N.B: নিম্নের Sentenceগুলো লক্ষ্য কর। এরা Could, would বা will দিয়ে আরম্ভ হয়ে Interrogative sentence গঠন করলেও প্রকৃত অর্থে এদেরকে Imperative Sentence হিসেবে গণ্য করা হয় এবং Imperative sentence-এর নিয়মানুসারেই এদেরকে Direct থেকে Indirect Narration এ পরিবর্তন করা হয়। যেমন:
Direct : He said to me, "Would you help me to do the sum?"
Indirect: He requested me to help him to do the sum.
Direct : I said to my sister, "Could you give me a cup of tea?"
Indirect: I requested my sister to give me a cup of tea.
v.
Imperative বাক্যে Tag question এর ক্ষেত্রে Indirect Narration করার সময় Tag question পুরো বাদ যাবে এবং Reporting verb টি পরিবর্তিত হয়ে tell/ask/request এবং Reported Speech এর verb এর পূর্বে to বসবে। যেমন-Father told me, "Close the door, will you?"
Father asked/requested/told me to close the door.
Optative Sentence কে Indirect Narration-এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম
i.
Reported speech-এর অর্থ ও ভাবানুসারে Indirect narration এ Reporting verb- pray, wish, bless, curse এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।ii.
Reported speech Optative form থেকে Assertive form এ রূপান্তরিত হয়।iii.
Reported speech-এর পূর্বে Conjunction-that বসে এবং Optative sentence এ ব্যবহৃত May এর পরিবর্তে Might ব্যবহৃত হয়। Long live এর স্থলে সাধারণত might live long ব্যবহৃত হয় এবং Sentence এর পরে বসে। যেমন:Direct : Mother said, "May Allah bless you."
Indirect: Mother prayed that Allah might bless me.
Direct : The teacher said, "May you prosper in life."
Indirect: The teacher wished that I might prosper in life.
Direct : Father said to his son, "May you succeed in the exam."
Indirect: Father prayed that his son might succeed in the exam.
N.B: Direct speech এ 'Good morning' ব্যবহৃত হলে Indirect narration-এ Reporting verb, wish এ পরিবর্তিত হয়। আর Good-bye বা Good-night ব্যবহৃত হলে Reporting verb, bid বা bade এ পরিবর্তিত হয়। যেমন:
Direct : Mr. Badal said, "Good morning, my friends."
Indirect: Mr. Badal wished good morning to his friends.
Direct : Rahim said, "Good bye, all my friends."
Indirect Rahim bade good bye to all his friends.
Direct: Mr. Amin said, "Good night, my friends."
Indirect: Mr. Amin bade good night to his friends.
Exclamatory Sentence কে Indirect Narration-এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম
- Reported speech-এর অর্থ ও ভাবানুসারে Indirect Narration এ Reporting verb-Exclaim in grief, exclaim with or in joy, exclaim with sorrow, exclaim in delight, exclaim with regret, exclaim in wonder, cry out in delight, cry out in sorrow, swear, applaud, exclaim with anger/surprise/contempt ইত্যাদিতে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Reported speech-এর Exclamation বা আবেগসূচক Sentence টি Indirect Narration-এ Assertive sentence-এ রূপান্তরিত হয়।
- Reported speech-এর পূর্বে Conjunction 'that'-বসে।
- আবেগের তীব্রতা বুঝাতে Exclamatory sentence টি যদি what বা how দিয়ে শুরু হয়, তাহলে তার পরিবর্তে Noun এর পূর্বে great এবং Adjective এর পূর্বে Very, much, greatly, great বসে।
N.B: যখন exclamation এর প্রকৃতি সম্বন্ধে নিশ্চিত হওয়া যায় না, সেখানে Reporting verb হিসেবে exclaim বা cry out ব্যবহার করাই উচিত।
Direct : Sarif said, "How helpless I am!"
Indirect Sarif exclaimed with sorrow that he was very helpless.
Direct : They said, "Hurrah! We have won the match!"
Indirect: They cried out with joy that they had won the match.
Direct : Razib said, "What a fool I am!"
Indirect: Razib exclaimed with grief that he was a great fool.
Direct : Hanif said, "How changed you are!"
Indirect Hanif wondered that I was greatly changed.
Direct : The old man said, "By Allah! It is a very good news.
Indirect The old man swore by Allah that it was a very good news.
Direct : He said to me, "Alas! I could not save you."
Indirect He cried out in grief that he could not save me.
Direct : Neela said, "What a beautiful bird it is!
Indirect: Neela exclaimed in delight that it was a very beautiful bird.
Narration of Vocatives
Note: যখন Direct speech-এ একই ধরনের Sentence পরপর থাকে, তখন Reporting verb-একবার মাত্র ব্যবহৃত হয় এবং অবশিষ্ট Sentence গুলো and দ্বারা যুক্ত হয়। কিন্তু Indirect Speech-এ যদি ভিন্ন ধরনের Sentence যোগ করা হয়, তখন ভিন্ন ভিন্ন Reporting verb ব্যবহৃত হয়।
N.B: Then, added that, further said that বা also said that, continued that ইত্যাদি word গুলো ব্যবহার করে Indirect Narration এ একাধিক ভিন্ন ধরনের Sentence কে যুক্ত করা হয়। যেমন :
Direct : I said to him, "Who are you? What do you want?"
Indirect : I asked him who he was and what he wanted.
Direct : Mira said to me, "I have left my pencil at home. Can you give me one?"
Indirect: Mira told me that she had left her pencil at home and asked me if I could give her one.
Direct : Mr. Shahed said to his friend. "What time is it? My watch has stopped."
Indirect: Mr. Shahed asked his friend what time it was and added that his watch had stopped.
N.B: যখন সম্বোধন পদগুলোকে বাদ দেয়া যায় না তখন সম্বোধন পদগুলো Addressing 'as' দ্বারা প্রকাশ করা হয়। যেমন :
- Shahed said to Kabir, "Friend, do not smoke."
- Addressing Kabir as friend Shahed advised him not to smoke.
- Father said, "Rashed, read attentively."
- Father advised Rashed to read attentively.
Post a Comment